Grain production
is considered Ukrainian
strategic production direction, due to grain being most important foodstuffs resource in Ukraine (as well as in most
other countries). At time of the USSR, Ukrainian flour production was
attributed especial attention to. At that time Ukraine was charged with mission
of supplying flour to a number of
«fraternal» republics; at that time a great deal of bakery integrated
plants were constructed and there was
no special problem as for finding up resources to assure those integrated plants proper functioning. For instance, in 1990-es second half Ukrainian
grain output totaled 41.5–51.5 million tons, with wheat annual output amounting
to 18.4–27.4 million tons (food wheat ≈ 60–70%).
Table 1 shows Ukrainian recent years grain production dynamics.
Within
1990-es second half wheat output situation had radically changed: wheat output
declined over twice. In 2001/02 wheat output started recovering, yet in
2003 it fell to record low.
Grain
production lowering as well as last 50 years Ukrainian record low wheat crop
were due to massive winter sown grains frost destruction as well as
vegetation period climatic conditions significant worsening.
Presently
in Ukraine gradual recovery of all grains (incl. wheat) output, alongside with
general economic positive changes, is
noticed.
Fig.1. Ukrainian grains output, million tons
Table 1. Ukrainian
grains/legumes production structure (million tons)
| |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
2004 |
Total grains |
24,7 |
24,4 |
39,7 |
38,8 |
20,2 |
41,7 |
Wheat |
13,6 |
10,2 |
21,4 |
20,5 |
3,6 |
17,5 |
Barley |
6,4 |
6,8 |
10,1 |
10,4 |
6,8 |
11,1 |
Rye |
0,9 |
1,0 |
1,8 |
1,5 |
0,6 |
1,6 |
Maize |
1,7 |
3,8 |
3,6 |
4,1 |
6,9 |
8,8 |
Oats |
0,8 |
0,9 |
1,1 |
0,9 |
0,9 |
1,0 |
Legumes |
0,4 |
0,5 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
0,6 |
0,8 |
Millet |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,2 |
0,1 |
0,3 |
0,5 |
Buckwheat |
0,3 |
0,5 |
0,4 |
0,2 |
0,3 |
0,3 |
Other
grains |
0,4 |
0,6 |
0,5 |
0,5 |
0,2 |
0,2 |
Ukrainian
consumption fund includes grain
for flour milling, groats, brewery and
spirit industries. Thus, in particular
flour and groats production required correspondingly 5.7–6.0 million
tons and ≈ 0.8 million tons grain
annually.
Naturally, wheat is prevailing in grain
consumption fund; food/feed wheat proportion differs depending on regions, due
to different soil and climatic conditions. In southern regions food wheat
proportion is, as a rule, higher against other regions. Until 1996, in Ukraine there was State grain ordering
system, with food grain prevailing in its structure. Most flour millers at that
time were processing grain received
from State grain orderings system, thus
assuring their stable resources supply.
One of recent years Ukrainian domestic market specifics is growing tendency of
supplying Ukrainian rural
population with grain as labour payment in kind (besides, individual agrarian
economies are rising their own grain
output as well). As a result, due to
individual agrarian economies getting increasingly more supplied with grain, certain food/feed grain misbalance has appeared on domestic grain market: thus,
individual agrarian economies, having
piled enough 3 class wheat, often use it as fodder (and vice versa).
Grain
Processing
Flour
Wheat flour
is main flour produced in Ukraine, yet, except it, some other flours
(firstly rye and maize) are also produced. Besides, buckwheat, rice and oats
flours are produced as well, though at
small scale. Table 2 shows data on
Ukrainian production of some kinds/sorts flour
(for domestic flour millers
which made reports to
State Statistics Committee).
Table 2. Ukrainian
flour production structure as
for kinds of flour (thousand tons)
| |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
Total flour |
3373 |
3067 |
2984 |
2986 |
2819 |
Total wheat flour |
3050 |
2710 |
2686 |
2724 |
2540 |
Total rye flour |
303 |
354 |
289 |
252 |
269 |
Total maize flour |
9 |
9 |
5 |
6,7 |
4,5 |
Feed flour |
2495 |
1726 |
1718 |
2018 |
1363 |
Data source: Ukrainian State Statistics Committee
As to
official statistics, wheat flour output
shared 90–91% of
2001/03 Ukrainian total (as to analysts, this index can reach
95%). Rye flour output holds an
important place in Ukrainian total,
- 8–10% (or 5% as to
non-official data). Production of other kinds flour doesn’t influence much Ukrainian total.
Mixed Feeds
There were
significant changes in last years mixed feeds production: thus, due to poultry mixed feed output
growth, in 2003 there were no seasonal
output fluctuations, — what is explained by fact of poultry industry
demand being influenced only with
poultry number, not with seasonal
shortening of concentrated fodder
consumption (as it is the case with pigs/cattle breeding due to
pig/cattle coming over to succulent fodders within summer period).
Together
with mixed feeds quantitative growth as well their quality rise is
admitted:
thus, within last year
microadditives/protein-vitamin additives
mixed feeds output has substantially risen.
Leading
domestic mixed feed producers presently
remain the same as within previous
years. It is to be admitted, within last year poultry
mixed feeds companies output has
sharply grown, while pigs/cattle mixed
feeds companies output has declined or
remained unchanged. Significant mixed feeds
output growth is noticed at
Complex Agromars,
Constanta-Agro, Grakovskiy
KHP and Dykanskiy ÌÊÊZ.
Table 3. Ukrainian mixed feed output as for kinds of mixed feeds (thousand
tons)
|
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
In total |
1126 |
1255 |
1810 |
1892 |
For poultry |
591 |
722 |
980 |
1172 |
For pigs |
346 |
333 |
570 |
513 |
For cattle |
176 |
176 |
236 |
186 |
For fish |
6 |
22 |
20 |
15 |
Others |
7 |
2 |
4 |
6 |
Groats
Domestic groats market is divided into two parts:
groats produced at specialized
companies (65–70 % market) and groats produced at small hulling mills, in
home-made way (30–35% market).
Constant output growth of home-made
groats is due to lower prices offered
by small hulling mills owners (yet
groats quality in most cases is
much lower).
Groats
produced at small hulling mills are
consumed mainly by rural population as well as
district centers inhabitants, while higher quality groats are offered in
big cities as well export shipped.
Most experts estimate annual domestic groats
market capacity 450–500.000t. Due to domestic groats import being most insignificant
(1.100–1.500t yearly + 70.000t rice
groats yearly) as well as annual
export equaling to 60.000–70.000t, it
is possible to assume, that 110.000–130.000t groats, which
are presently missing in official
statistics, are supplied to market exactly by small hulling mills owners.
As to State
Statistics Committee, last two
years groats output is gradually declining, due to recent years main groats crops failure as well as shadow groats production
growth. It is to be mentioned,
within recent time buckwheat groats
output share is gradually rising up in groats total output, due to
buckwheat groats domestic/export demand
growth. Though 2003 buckwheat
groats output share has sharply
declined (due to buckwheat crop
failure), it can be considered just a
temporary phenomenon and buckwheat output
recovery is expected to take place in 2004. Buckwheat groats and ground/broken peas are main Ukrainian
exported groats, sharing 70–75% total Ukrainian groats export.
Table 4.
Ukrainian groats output (thousand tons)
Product |
1999 |
2000 |
2001 |
2002 |
2003 |
Total groats |
344,4 |
293,7 |
300,5 |
295,7 |
245,5 |
Buckwheat
groats |
126,4 |
108,1 |
143,5 |
145,2 |
101,9 |
Peas |
31,8 |
28,6 |
25,3 |
14,2 |
13,3 |
Semolina |
19,5 |
17,6 |
17,3 |
23,5 |
18,9 |
Pearl
barley groats,wheat groats, fine barley groats |
82,8 |
73,9 |
41,6 |
49,9 |
46,0 |
Millet |
30,4 |
19,5 |
19,5 |
13,4 |
11,7 |
Others |
53,5 |
46 |
53,3 |
49,5 |
53,7 |
Data source: Ukrainian State
Statistics Committee
Export Trade
Feed wheat
/barley remain Ukrainian main export grains (over 85% total export), due to
their domestic output being the highest
and world competency the lowest. Ukrainian grains are exported mainly to
Mediterranean countries (if high crop
years are taken into
consideration).
Most stable
export grain is barley, due to its low
domestic consumption as well
as relatively high resistance against unfavorable weather conditions.
Ukrainian
maize crops/exports are growing up as well.
Within low
crop years, however, main export grains
are spring sown grains, due to their being less vulnerable to unfavorable weather conditions than winter
sown grains.
Within last
years Ukrainian grain export market shortening tendency is appearing, due to
Ukrainian grains high prices as well as East European and Mediterranean
countries having joined EU. Besides,
Ukrainian grains practically aren’t exported to South Asian countries (South
Korea, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan), due to Australian expansion on that
market.
That’s why
2003/04 MY Ukrainian groats export geographical range has significantly narrowed
against previous years. This tendency
is most probable to remain within next season.
Maize
export is presently the most rapidly growing one, due to maize crops boosting as well as agrarians
preferring to grow it owing to
active demand and high prices. Within this season Ukraine will export over 1 million tons maize (absolute record), mainly due to significant demand on part of Russia, Hungary and Romania, — yet
within next season situation can cardinally change and Ukrainian maize will be
remained unwanted.
Table 1.
Ukrainian grains export (1998/99 — 2002/03 MY)
Season/Product |
Wheat |
Barley |
Rye |
Maize |
Others |
In total |
1998/99 |
4351 |
814 |
123 |
472 |
81 |
5841 |
1999/00 |
1908 |
783 |
171 |
62 |
49 |
2973 |
2000/01 |
80 |
1023 |
2 |
403 |
58 |
1566 |
2001/02 |
5503 |
2810 |
292 |
299 |
98 |
9002 |
2002/03 |
6625 |
2950 |
286 |
856 |
28 |
10745 |
2003/04* |
10 |
1300 |
0 |
1000 |
100 |
2510 |
Table
shows, that wheat exports are sharply fluctuating, due to wheat crops
fluctuations.
Since most
wheat grown in Ukraine is winter sown
wheat, it is subjected to frost destruction, damping-out, etc. The same concerns rye. All other grains
are spring sown, what assures
crops/exports certain stability.
